U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Kevin Warsh appears at the ECB forum in Sintra on Wednesday alongside ECB President Christine Lagarde, Bank of England Governor Andrew Bailey, and Bank of Canada Governor Tiff Macklem. All three previously signed a letter supporting former Fed Chair Jerome Powell in his fight over Fed independence, an issue highlighted this week by a Supreme Court ruling allowing Fed Governor Lisa Cook to keep her job despite President Trump's attempt to fire her. Warsh, who took office in late May, has so far avoided direct comment on the independence battle. His first policy meeting in June saw rates held steady and a hawkish tone that boosted expectations of a September rate hike, while he also stripped forward guidance from the Fed statement, aiming to make markets less reliant on rate signals. Warsh has criticized Fed mission creep, including climate-related work that peers like the Bank of England view as essential to financial stability.