Nvidia's OpenAI Investment Raises Circular Financing Concerns

The Federal Reserve raised interest rates for the first time since July 2023 on Wednesday, a move that sent the S&P 500 lower before it recovered later in the day. Federal Reserve Chairman Kevin Warsh said at the Fed meeting that a wide-ranging set of data, including the labor markets, showed the economy has strengthened, giving the Fed confidence the economy can absorb the hike without falling into recession. According to the latest dot plot, 16 of 18 participants penciled in another increase this year, with four expecting two more. Rising oil prices are pushing up production costs and consumer prices, while the artificial intelligence buildout is driving memory prices sharply higher as hyperscalers demand scarce memory products, and Apple has said it will raise some prices. The annual inflation rate has not fallen to the Fed's 2% target, and the Fed declined to raise rates in July in hopes the situation in Iran would resolve, but it has not and inflation is creeping up again.

Citi expects shortages across the global memory semiconductor market to deepen through 2031, driven by rising demand for high-bandwidth memory, DRAM and NAND as artificial intelligence systems adopt continual learning. In a research note published Monday, the investment bank identified continual learning as a potential central theme in AI development over the next five years, an approach that updates AI models with new tasks while retaining prior knowledge and so drives demand for both memory and data storage. Citi forecasts HBM bit demand will increase 62% year over year to 75.2 billion gigabits in 2027, followed by a further 69% rise to 127.0 billion gigabits in 2028, and it expects demand for enterprise solid-state drives to expand as AI systems require additional storage capacity. For DRAM, Citi projects global demand growth of 30% in 2027 and 35% in 2028, against supply growth of 19% and 22%, producing supply-demand ratios of -8.7% and -9.7% for the respective years. The bank anticipates a similar imbalance in NAND memory, forecasting demand growth of 29% in 2027 and 33% in 2028 versus supply increases of 21% and 25%, with NAND supply-demand ratios of -6.1% in 2027 and -5.5% in 2028 compared with an estimated -0.8% in 2026. In its equity research, Citi named Samsung Electronics, SK Hynix, Micron, Sandisk and Kioxia as its preferred memory semiconductor stocks, and highlighted Montage, Applied Materials, Lam Research, TES, Eugene Tech and TechWing within semiconductor equipment and materials.