The Japanese government has unveiled a new economic plan aiming to mobilise over 370 trillion yen, or roughly 2.28 trillion dollars, in combined public and private investment by fiscal year 2040 to boost competitiveness and tackle chronically low investment that has long weighed on the economy. The plan serves as a key economic policy framework under the administration of Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi, with the goal of having the public sector act as a catalyst to draw private capital into strategic industries and future infrastructure such as advanced technology, semiconductors, artificial intelligence, energy, and digital infrastructure. However, the massive investment plan is raising concerns in the bond market, given Japan's high level of public debt relative to the size of its economy. Investors are watching how the government will secure funding and to what extent it will need to increase government bond issuance. Japanese government bond yields have risen amid worries that aggressive fiscal policy could swell the supply of debt in the market and push up the government's long-term borrowing costs. Markets are also keeping an eye on the independence of the Bank of Japan, or BOJ, as the large-scale stimulus could coincide with the central bank's gradual normalisation of monetary policy.